F-35 vs. Rafale: Which is Better?

This article discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the American F-35 and the French Rafale fighters, focusing on their technological differences, costs, and the strategic objectives of the countries involved—an essential factor in choosing between them.

French defense and military affairs journalist Clément Machon noted in his comparison that the F-35 is a compilation of technologies emphasizing stealth and connectivity, while the Rafale boasts versatility and distinguished operational history. The “American Lightning” and the “French Storm,” as he described the F-35 and Rafale, are currently the center of increasing attention. The American fighter symbolizes European dependence on the military industry of Uncle Sam, while the Rafale represents a potential alternative and pride of French industry.

Here are the key differences summarized:

Strengths of the F-35:

1. Advanced Technology: The F-35 is a fifth-generation aircraft that integrates stealth capabilities with comprehensive networking, essentially making it a “flying computer.” It continuously transmits real-time data and requires periodic updates to ensure optimal performance.
2. Stealth Capabilities: Its design allows for minimal radar detection, providing an advantage in operations that require deep strikes behind enemy lines.
3. American Military Integration: Countries purchasing the F-35 enter a cohesive American military system, providing substantial logistical and technical support. The expected production is large (170 to 190 aircraft anticipated by 2025), which reduces costs and repairs.
4. Shortcomings: Operating costs are high (approximately $42,000 per flight hour). The safety record has been affected by 11 incidents since 2018, and it requires continuous American support, tying purchasing nations politically to the U.S.

Strengths of the Rafale:

1. Flexibility and Credibility: As a 4.5-generation aircraft, the Rafale excels in multi-role capabilities (air defense, ground support, naval duties, etc.) and is designed for ease of maintenance with lower costs compared to the F-35.
2. Diverse Armament: It has 14 weapon mounting points, allowing for a wide array of munitions, such as Meteor and Scalp missiles. It also has a higher speed (Mach 1.8 compared to Mach 1.6 for the F-35).
3. Independence: Purchasing the Rafale allows countries greater independence compared to the F-35, which is tied to U.S. infrastructure. It serves as a strategic choice for nations looking to diversify their military partnerships.
4. Shortcomings: It lacks advanced stealth technology, making it potentially vulnerable to detection in operations against modern air defenses. Production is relatively lower (25 aircraft anticipated in 2025).

Costs and Economic Comparisons:

The purchase price of the Rafale is typically higher (around €225 million per aircraft) compared to the F-35 (€111 million per aircraft). However, long-term operating and maintenance costs tend to favor the Rafale. Aircraft ownership costs depend heavily on maintenance contracts, training, and infrastructure.

Strategic Considerations:

Countries opting for the F-35 become part of a cohesive American military framework, while those purchasing the Rafale maintain greater autonomy in their military decisions. The Rafale has demonstrated operational effectiveness, whereas the F-35 focuses on being a high-tech strike aircraft.

Conclusion:

The F-35 offers advanced stealth and technology but relies heavily on American support. The Rafale is more flexible and credible, with strategic independence, though it lacks advanced stealth capabilities. Ultimately, the choice between them largely depends on the military, strategic, and political needs of each country.

Recent examples, such as various nations indicating interest in the Rafale for diversification of military capabilities, further highlight the ongoing relevance of this comparison as global defense dynamics evolve.