This research addresses the era of Ottoman reforms, the reasons behind the empire’s fall, and the conditions leading to the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic by Mustafa Kemal, known as Atatürk, or “Father of the Turks.” An Empire of…
In this paper, I will focus on a term that has been circulating for over two decades: “New Ottomans.” This term refers specifically to the Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by the trio of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Ahmet Davutoğlu,…
The fall of the Ottoman Empire, due to the reasons mentioned in the previous article, led to the establishment of the first Turkish Republic in 1923. This was followed a year later by the abolition of the caliphate, the exile…
Peter the First (the Great) played a monumental role in enhancing awareness and knowledge of the Russian environment and the development of national geography. The term “geography” itself entered educational and research usage during the era of Peter the Great’s…
Historically, major conflicts have led to the destruction of thriving civilizations, but numerous factors contributed to the downfall of these societies, as internal crises interacted with external threats to bring about their demise. This raises many questions about how and…
For centuries, Eastern Europe has shown more interest and admiration for the West than the reverse, writes historian Lien Verpoest in the pages of “Standaard,” in Brussels. She argues that the EU would do well to abandon its hostile attitude…
In 1961, “Uncle Sam” was officially recognized by the Senate as an embodiment of the United States. He is attributed with various qualities: aware of his duties, he is also impartial, rational, determined, and humorous. Just like Americans, some say.…
On November 1st, Emmanuel Macron acknowledged France’s responsibility in the assassination of Larbi Ben M’hidi, one of the founders of the National Liberation Front (FLN). This “gesture,” which “Tout sur l’Algérie” considers to be “an instrumentalization of memory for the…
10th-11th Century – Norway. How Olaf, enslaved at the age of 3, ultimately became a powerful monarch who converted his people to Christianity and traveled throughout Europe, as recounted by the German newspaper “Die Welt.” Olaf Tryggvason was a typical…
Throughout almost its entire existence, our species roamed the planet, living off hunting and gathering in small groups, moving to new areas with favorable climates, and leaving when conditions became unbearable. For hundreds of thousands of years, our ancestors harnessed…
During the establishment of national rule in Iraq, with the appointment of Prince Faisal bin Hussein (May 20, 1883 – September 8, 1933) as King of Iraq on August 23, 1921, a noticeable pattern of national mobilization emerged. This movement…
On August 20, 2024, the Ukrainian Parliament (Verkhovna Rada) adopted a historic law, law number #8371, aimed at regulating and subsequently banning the activities of religious organizations linked to Russia. This decision marks a new phase in diminishing Russian influence…
